Ashworth Semester Exam S06V Social Psychology

S06V : Social Psychology
Question 1
Behaviorists believe that all learning is a result of
reinforcement and punishment.
interpretation.
emotion.
Gestalt principles.

Question 2
From across the room, J.T. sees his mother sigh, and he approaches to give her a hug in the hopes of cheering her up. In this case, J.T.'s behavior is an example of a(n) ________ social influence attempt.
direct
ineffective
indirect
unintended

Question 3
If you were to design a program using rewards to increase motivation, what type of rewards would it be the best to use, according to the authors of your text?
Task-contingent
Performance-contingent
Aptitude-contingent
Monetary

Question 4
Research demonstrated that physical sensation can activate metaphors that influence our judgments about unrelated topics. If you wanted students to take your petition seriously, you should present the information about it
on a piece of paper they can take with them.
on a heavy tablet.
on a light clipboard.
verbally rather than written.

Question 5
Research by Petty, Cacioppo, and Goldman (1981) found that when students are not involved in an issue, their opinions are influenced more by the ________ than by the ________.
quality of the arguments; credibility of the speaker
credibility of the speaker; quality of the arguments
quality of the arguments; surface characteristics of the message
content of the message; expertise of the speaker

Question 6
Research shows that conformity is not always required of group members. If a member of your group occasionally deviates from the group and the group doesn't impose negative consequences, the individual has used some of his or her
idiosyncrasy credits.
descriptive norms.
propaganda.
power.

Question 7
Under what conditions will groups tend to make better decisions than individuals?
When the conditions are stressful
When cohesiveness is high
When they rely on the person with the most expertise
When there is a strong directive leader

Question 8
Because of the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine, people who express that they are madly in love are likely to report that they feel
physically ill.
confused and dizzy.
euphoric and high.
that they cannot think.

Question 9
______ theory would be most likely to mention such factors as social approval and increased self-worth as motivations for prosocial behavior.
Evolutionary
Social exchange
Norm activation
Empathy-altruism
Question 10
Researchers use a person's reluctance to get too close to a person from another group as a measure of discrimination. This is known as
micro aggression.
social distance.
ethnocentrism.
social identity.

Ashworth Semester Exam S04V Human Growth and Development II

S04V : Human Growth and Development II
Question 1
In Jamar's culture, the tendency to marry someone who is similar in age, race, education, and religion is referred to as which of the following?
Marriage gradient
Homogamy
Cross-cultural factor
Gender replication

Question 2
When Bobby was eight years old, he was sure he wanted to grow up to be a fireman. But just a year later, Bobby told everybody that when he grew up he wanted to be an astronaut. Still, a few years passed and when he was around 11 years old he changed his mind again and wanted to be a professional basketball player. According to Ginzberg, Bobby is in the __________ period.
tentative
career consolidation
realistic
fantasy

Question 3
The desire to have independence and a sense of control over one's life is called:
maturity.
adolescence.
adulthood.
autonomy.

Question 4
Sally's adolescent classmates call her and the other 125 members of her advanced computer software group "nerds," meaning she is part of a:
peer group.
crowd.
clique.
cohort.

Question 5
Which body part continues to exhibit growth in both size and weight during early adulthood?
Legs
Chest and arms
Feet
Brain

Question 6
The loss of near vision in middle adulthood is referred to as:
visual acuity.
presbycusis.
glaucoma.
presbyopia.

Question 7
Which of the following are most likely to experience feelings of loneliness and increased physical and mental health problems?
divorced women over the age of 40
divorced men in general
divorced women under the age of 25
divorced women in general

Question 8
During a geriatrics conference, discussion focused on internal aging, specifically, brain size and cognitive decline. Which of the following summaries is most notable for this discussion?
The brain will remain the same size and cognitive function can remain the same if the
Brain structure and cognition will decline slightly.
Brain structure will drastically be reduced and cognitive functioning will decrease.
The brain becomes smaller and lighter with age but will retain its structure and

Question 9
Amad does not need continued care. However, he does receive care during the day in the form of meals and medications. What type of facility does Amad attend?
Drop-in facility
Skilled nursing
Assisted living
Adult day-care

Question 10
According to Kübler-Ross, when people protest and have objections to either learning about their impending death or the manner of their impending death, this is called:
denial.
bargaining.
anger.
Depression

Ashworth Semester Exam S03V Human Growth and Development I

S03V : Human Growth and Development I
Question 1
A biological universal event that occurs at relatively the same time throughout all societies is an example of:
young adulthood.
puberty.
adulthood.
death.

Question 2
Genes are arranged in specific locations and in a specific order along _______ chromosomes.
52
23
46
54

Question 3
What is the term for a period of deep depression following the birth of a child that affects approximately 10 percent of all new mothers for months or even years?
Postpartum depression
Stillborn
Infant mortality
Crib death

Question 4
A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences, is called:
operant conditioning.
habituation.
classical conditioning.
modeling.

Question 5
Name the principle: Simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills.
cephalocaudal principle
proximodistal principle
principle of the independence of systems
principle of hierarchical integration

Question 6
Baby Nicholas watches as his mother leaves the room, but he does not cry because he understands that his mother still exists even though he cannot see her. This is an example of which reaction concept?
Substage 2: First habits and primary circular reactions
Substage 1: Simple reflexes
Substage 3: Secondary circular reactions
Substage 4: Object permanence

Question 7
Mary is planning to take a year and a half leave from her job because she wants to stay home and care for the needs of her newborn. Mary believes that during the first 18 months of a child's life it is critical that she make herself available to her child to meet his needs and give him the attention he needs. What does Erikson call this stage of development?
The critical attachment stage
The trust-versus-mistrust stage
The autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage
The temperament behavior stage

Question 8
In its most extreme form, _________ parenting results in neglect.
permissive
authoritative
uninvolved
authoritarian

Question 9
At what age can both boys and girls judge and intercept directions of small balls thrown from a distance?
7 years old
8 years old
10 years old
12 years old

Question 10
Which of the following plays a big role in how girls experience early maturation?
How the mother and daughter get along and communicate
Cultural and community norms and standards about how women should look
How the father and daughter get along and communicate
ow much attention the girl receives from boys

Ashworth Semester Exam S02V Introduction to Psychology II

S02V : Introduction to Psychology II
Question 1
Which of the following statements is true of formal reasoning?
In formal reasoning, the information needed for drawing a conclusion or reaching a solution is specified clearly.
In formal reasoning, many approaches, viewpoints, or possible solutions may compete, and you may have to decide which one is most "reasonable."
Formal reasoning involves dialectical reasoning.
Formal reasoning uses heuristics, or rules of thumb, to try to reach a solution.

Question 2
_________ is the tendency to falsely attribute human qualities to nonhuman beings.
Anthropomorphism
Anthropodenial
Convergent thinking
Divergent thinking

Question 3
Casey was visiting a friend in New York City on September 11, 2001, the day of the attack on the World Trade Center. To her, that day seems frozen in time. She remembers exactly where she was, what she was doing, and what she felt as the morning transpired. This vivid recollection is known as
source misattribution.
a flashbulb memory.
a serial-position effect.
a frozen memory.

Question 4
A long-lasting increase in the strength of synaptic responsiveness is called:
deep processing.
long-term potentiation.
parallel processing.
state-dependent memory.

Question 5
What property of some brain cells led scientists to call them mirror neurons?
They only fire when a person or animal looks in a mirror.
Their cell membranes contain a protein that makes them reflect light.
Their structure perfectly mirrors the structure of a neighboring neuron.
They fire when a person or animal observes others carrying out an action.

Question 6
To psychologists, motivation refers to
a state of tension resulting from the deprivation of physical needs, such as those for food and water.
a process in which an individual sets goals to increase his or her competence and skills.
an inferred process within a person or animal that causes that organism to move toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation.
movement through a hierarchy of needs, beginning with survival needs for sleep, food, and water and reaching needs for self-actualization.

Question 7
_________ is the distress that most children develop when their primary caregivers leave them with strangers.
Insecure attachment
Separation anxiety
Contact discomfort
Avoidant attachment

Question 8
________ is a fundamental personality dimension that describes the extent to which people are anxious and impulsive.
Agreeableness versus antagonism
Extroversion versus introversion
Neuroticism versus emotional stability
Openness to experience versus resistance to new experience

Question 9
Research has indicated that
to experience a generalized anxiety disorder, a person must have lived through a specific anxiety-producing event.
It's normal for an individual to feel anxious, be in a general state of apprehension, or experience psychological tension for a period of time.
the majority of people who live through a traumatic experience continue to have posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms for many years.
if loss of interest in familiar activities and a sense of detachment from others persist for two weeks after a trauma, then posttraumatic stress disorder is diagnosed.

Question 10
Psychologists who practice behavioral therapy focus on the client's
unconscious anxieties.
relationships with parents.
methods of coping with inescapable realities of life.
current behavior and attitudes.

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Ashworth Semester Exam S01V Introduction to Psychology I

S01V : Introduction to Psychology I
Question 1
The ability to make judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons rather than emotion or anecdote is called:
applied psychology.
critical thinking.
functionalism.
introspection.

Question 2
__________ concluded that his patients' distress was due to conflicts and emotional traumas that occurred in early childhood but were too threatening to be remembered consciously.
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
Sigmund Freud
E. B. Titchener

Question 3
An operational definition is a(n):
statement that attempts to describe or explain a given behavior.
organized system of assumptions and principles that claims to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships.
precise definition of a term, which specifies the processes required for observing and measuring the phenomenon being investigated.
statement that is accepted without proof and regarded as fundamental to a subject.

Question 4
Milton is a researcher who wants to know whether eating chocolate makes people nervous. Some participants are given two bars of chocolate to eat, while other participants are given no chocolate at all. One hour later, all participants are tested for nervousness. In this experiment, the amount of chocolate eaten:
acts as a dependent variable.
is used as a placebo.
acts as the independent variable.
may be an independent or dependent variable.

Question 5
Professor Schmidt presents her students with a quiz to determine if they know the four chemical elements that form DNA. The majority of students know that the correct answer is:
adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
adenine, thymine, cysteine, and gametangium.
adenine, telomerase, cytosine, and guanine.
adenine, thiol, chlorine, and guanine.

Question 6
__________ is an approach used only with animals to study the brain.
Positron-emission tomography
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Transcranial direct current stimulation
Lesion method

Question 7
Hypnotic responsiveness depends upon:
the skill of the hypnotist.
the efforts and qualities of the person being hypnotized.
the gullibility of the person being hypnotized.
the hypnotist's ability to become easily absorbed in the world of imagination.

Question 8
Soo Lei is a concert violinist. Depending on the piece she's playing, she describes the music as purple or pale green with pink and orange edges. Soo Lei is displaying signs of:
imagination.
synesthesia.
creativity.
functional sensation.

Question 9
The __________ effect is the existence of a greater biological readiness to associate sickness with taste than with sights or sounds.
Garcia
Pavlov
Watson
Seligma

Question 10
Tahir, an Arab, and Jan, a Swede, meet at a dinner for international students. Because the cultures of these two men differ with regard to __________, both may feel uncomfortable during their conversation.
common eating etiquette
attitudes toward higher education
explicit laws
conversational distance

Ashworth Semester Exam R04V Human Relations

R04V : Human Relations
Question 1
Pamela wants to obtain as much useful self-knowledge as she can, so she obtains a personal evaluation from a counseling psychologist. Among the findings from a personality standpoint are that Pamela scores high on (a) extraversion, (b) openness, (c) agreeableness, (d) conscientiousness, and (d) optimism. She score lows on the personality factors of (a) neuroticism, (b) self-monitoring, (c) risk taking and thrill seeking. Among the findings related to cognitive ability, Pamela scores quite high on practical intelligence and linguistic intelligence. She scores average on analytical intelligence, and quite high on emotional intelligence. Imagine yourself as Pamela's supervisor, and you want to build an effective working relationship with her. You have given Pamela a key role in a project of major significance to your team. A useful approach in dealing with Pamela would be to:
move slowly in forming a working relationship with her, follow up frequently on your requests, and impose strict deadlines.
give her a lot of freedom, do not nag, and be particularly friendly and warm toward her,
monitor her progress closely, encourage her to try far-out ideas, and focus your conversation on the task.
be careful not to express your anxiety and fears about the project, and look out for her saying things that she thinks you want to hear.

Question 2
Marketing assistant Jody has been having financial problems recently. She has been late with some bills, and has neglected other bills for months. She figures that if she can at least concentrate on her job, she will perform well enough to get a salary increase in four months. Any extra money she receives will be applied immediately toward rent reduction. During a product launch meeting, she feels a small vibration coming from her handbag, and recognizes that it is her cell phone indicating a call or text message is waiting. Jody peeks at her phone to see a text message from her landlord that states, "Pay $750 by tomorrow or be evicted." Jody feels the urgent need to reply to the message, explaining that she will have the money in five days. From the standpoint of displaying good interpersonal skill, what should Jody do about responding to the call?
Pick up her cell phone immediately and send a response explaining her plan to pay in five days.
Place her cell phone on her lap and send a text message the best she can without appearing to be sending a text message.
Begin to cough, holding up five fingers suggesting that she has to leave the room and will return in a few minutes. While out of the conference room, Jody then sends the urgent text message.
Wait for a break in the meeting, and then discretely compose a message to her landlord.

Question 3
Victoria and Ted are part of an environmental protection team for a large company that manufactures and distributes carbonated beverages, juice drinks, and snacks. A major part of their responsibilities as team members is to investigate how the company can become more environmentally friendly. Included on the eight-member team are packaging design specialists, biologists, marketing specialists, and a financial analyst. A good deal of heated discussion takes place on the team about methods of preserving the environment that would be cost effective and truly helpful to the environment. Both Victoria and Ted want to do a good job as well as be good team players. One day the team leader asks Victoria and Ted to perform an analysis of the type of trash found regularly in the company Dumpsters. In discussing the assignment with each other, the two teammates and friends agree that such an assignment is totally vile. To preserve their goal of being good team players, yet still enjoy their wo
Explain to the team leader that they both want to be good organizational citizens, but garbage analysis is too far removed from their job description.
Acquire the necessary technical expertise, get the job done as quickly as possible, and don't criticize the assignment.
Explain to the team leader that analyzing the contents of a Dumpster does not fit the big picture of preserving the environment.
Explain to the team leader that his job is so important they would like to have three other team members' help with the garbage analysis so that a

Question 4
Kathy is an office manager at a growing law firm that specializes in pursuing awards for accident victims. She is assigned as the head of a problem-solving group to decide on where to locate a new, expanded office downtown. A major decision facing the group is to rent space in a sleek, new office building or renovate space in a former factory building. The space in the old factory building would have brick walls, and resemble a large loft. During the second meeting on this topic, the discussion has become quite heated, with comments such as these: "Are we going to look like a law firm, or a wild, creative advertising gang?" "The new office building might give the impression that we are a rich law firm exploiting our poor clients. The converted office building would look like we are human and caring." The mood of the problem-solving group is turning toward negativism and disagreement. To help deal with some of the emotion that has surfaced during the second meeting, group leader Kathy
call for a standup meeting, which will probably shorten the debate.
ask that each person with a strong preference for either type of rental space fully express his or her opinion, including facts and feelings.
explain that since this is a law firm, only facts, not feelings, can be entered into debate.
explain to the group that disagreement on major issues is dysfunctional (harmful).

Question 5
Isabella is a production supervisor for an American company that manufactures high-tech equipment for the optics industry. She is sent to Beijing, China, to help troubleshoot a problem with a machine installed at a major client in Beijing. As Isabella attends the first meeting, the Chinese managers and professionals are courteous, and they smile frequently. Yet she detects a little resistance in dealing with her. One of the Chinese managers says, "When will your boss be here?" Another manager says, "You must be the secretary from America. I hope the technical details in the meeting will not bore you." To begin asserting her authority, Isabella might try which one of the following tactics?
Give the group a small lecture about gender egalitarianism, and explain that she is from the United States, not China.
Say to the group, "I understand that my job might seem a little unusual, but I am the production supervisor sent here to work with you. I want to help you because you are an honored customer."
Explain that although she is the manufacturing supervisor sent to fix the problem, she is flexible enough to carry out such roles as serving coffee and tea at the meeting.
Say to the group, "You are an honored customer and our company wants to fix your problem. But I suggest that we cancel our meeting, and I will return after your management team has completed diversity training."

Question 6
Roberto has been a hard-working and high-performing distribution specialist for a food distribution company. Based on his good performance and positive interpersonal skills, he is appointed as team leader of the group that distributes food to schools and hospitals. Several weeks into the job, Roberto notices that the team of workers is really not working much like a team. The team members each seem to do their own job acceptably, but there is not a high level of cooperation and coordination among them. Roberto has been somewhat successful in his preliminary attempt to move the group toward better teamwork. To help sustain the teamwork, Roberto is advised to use which approach to leadership?
Authoritarian
Avoidance of all charismatic traits and behaviors
Participative or shared leadership
Micromanagement

Question 7
Justine is the director of international marketing in her company. One of the people assigned to her team is marketing associate Sebastian. Although Sebastian is performing satisfactorily, Justine is not entirely satisfied with his performance. As Justine perceives the situation, Sebastian seems to feel that because he is a recent marketing graduate he is a highly knowledgeable marketing professional. Also, he recently gave a PowerPoint presentation to management that Justine attended. Justine observed several factual errors as well as a few embarrassing spelling errors. Justine has a coaching session this morning with Sebastian. She wants to coach him on doing a more careful job when making a PowerPoint presentation. An effective tactic for Justine would be to :
tell Sebastian to please listen for ten minutes before saying anything in the coaching session.
explain to Sebastian that his recent PowerPoint presentation was wretched, and that anybody else in the department could have done a better job.
point out a couple of specific errors Sebastian made in his recent PowerPoint presentation.
accuse Sebastian of being careless and sloppy in his PowerPoint presentation.

Question 8
Steve is the cafeteria manager at the company headquarters of a major financial services firm located in Texas. He is well prepared and well experienced for his role as cafeteria manager, and aspires toward other positions in the company. Steve says, "Some people think I have reached my ceiling as cafeteria manager. I don't think so. I can see myself someday taking on other responsibilities, including become the facilities manager. If I continue to run an outstanding cafeteria and make the right connections, I can move up." Today Steve is meeting with Clarissa, the manager of human resources, to discuss plans for expanding the cafeteria staff. Steve has heard that at his company, getting along well with coworkers is a key criterion for being promoted. Steve regards Clarissa as a coworker, but they have had only two brief contacts because Clarissa is relatively new to the company. What might Steve do to best develop a good relationship today in their meeting in her office?
Flatter Clarissa by telling her that he has heard she is one of the most outstanding human resource managers in the southern United States.
Suggest to Clarissa that he is willing to help her with some of her toughest tasks, because he has great natural talents in dealing with people.
Explain to Clarissa that he understands how important her role is in the organization, and that without the right people a business firm is destined to fail.
Brag about his skill in managing people, and how he sees his job as a stepping stone to bigger responsibility.

Question 9
Bruce is the administrative support manager at a large legal firm. His managerial duties include purchasing supplies and equipment, human resource management, and supervising the support staff. The law firm has been cited by the state bar association for engaging in several unethical practices, such as overcharging clients and advertising too aggressively. The partners at the firm have therefore decided that the law firm must reestablish its reputation by being highly ethical in dealing with the public and employees. A representative from a computer manufacturer calls on Bruce with the intent of equipping the entire legal staff, including both attorneys and paralegals, with a new model netbook computer. The rep, Samantha, explains that if the entire staff is equipped with this line of computers, productivity will increase by at least 15 percent, based on experience with other legal firms. Bruce is a little skeptical of these productivity gains, yet he is willing to listen because part
Ask if any kickback Samantha might have in mind could also be shared with his boss.
Request immediately that their conversation be kept strictly confidential.
Explain to Samantha that his law firm makes purchasing decisions strictly on the merits of the product or service.
Ask Samantha what she means by "treats decision makers very well" before discussing the possible purchase of netbook computers any further.

Question 10
At age twenty-four, DeShaun had earned a business degree and aspires to becoming a retail executive. To launch his career, he took a retailing position that would give him the biggest responsibility at an early age, the manager of a dollar store. After two years as manager, DeShaun has performed outstandingly well. Sales have exceeded quota in his store, employee turnover is well below average, and inventory shrinkage (theft) is below average. DeShaun feels that he is ready to advance his career. DeShaun decides to quietly conduct a job search in order to explore how much he might be in demand. To achieve the best results from his job search, how should DeShaun state his job objective?
State that he is searching for more responsibility in a higher-paying field.
State that it would be best for the prospective employer to decide where he best fits.
State that he is searching for a position in retail management.
State that he searching for a position as a discount-store manager.

Ashworth Semester Exam PS400 Cognitive Psychology

PS400 : Cognitive Psychology
All of the following researchers are associated with behaviorism, except
Watson.
Pavlov.
Piaget.
Skinner.

Question 2
Among the core concepts of cognitive psychology, which one provides the basis for all of our cognitive abilities?
Stages of processing
Hierarchical systems
Mental representation
Consciousness

Question 3
Blindsight is an important phenomenon because it demonstrates that
individuals can't identify objects not consciously seen.
visual consciousness is entirely dependent on retinal processing.
visual consciousness is partly dependent on processing in both the retina and the occipital cortex.
visual consciousness is entirely dependent on a functional optic nerve.

Question 4
When /p/ and /b/ differ continuously in voice onset time, we hear an abrupt transition; this is called
phonemic restoration.
verbal transformation.
categorical perception.
conversation implicature.

Question 5
The _______ , located in the temporal lobe of the brain, is critical in storing new information into long-term memory.
medulla
thalamus
hippocampus
corpus callosum

Question 6
Remembering a period of time in one's life and tying it to upper-level recollections of a job or place of residence is
an autobiographical memory.
a figurative memory.
constructed recall.
dependent recall.

Question 7
WordNet is based on which of the following approaches?
Object concepts
Rule-governed concepts
Semantic networks
Feature lists

Question 8
The eye-mind assumption is most directly related to
information processing during reading fixations.
bridging inferences.
dyslexia.
idiographic writing.

Question 9
What is one disadvantage of a heuristic approach to solving problems?
It may yield a wrong answer.
It takes sufficient time and effort to solve the problem this way.
It's too random
Remembering heuristics takes up too much working memory.

Question 10
In syllogistic reasoning, a valid conclusion is __________ true, given that the premises are true.
sometimes
never
necessarily
conditionally